Effect of organophosphorus pesticide pollution on soil animals

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2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统营养盐时空分布机制分析

以江苏省常州市长荡湖流域河湖系统为研究对象,基于野外监测与室内分析,探讨了水体氮、磷等营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染突出,河流TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（3.70±0.76）mg ·L^-1、（1.81±0.42）mg ·L^-1、（1.03±0.61）mg ·L^-1、（0.38±0.31）mg ·L^-1、（25.74±37.00）μg ·L^-1和（6.35±0.81）mg ·L^-1.河流总氮污染季节差异明显,表现为冬、春季劣于夏、秋季,河流总磷污染表现为秋、冬季劣于春、夏季,空间差异表现为北 > 西北 > 南 > 东部,河流处于中~高度富营养化状态.湖区TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（2.25±0.94）mg ·L^-1、（0.98±0.47）mg ·L^-1、（0.19±0.14）mg ·L^-1、（0.11±0.03）mg ·L^-1、（18.71±8.76）μg ·L^-1和（4.59±1.09）mg ·L^-1,氮、磷质量浓度均超过Ⅲ类水标准,在空间上表现为从西部向东、南部降低的趋势,湖区处于轻~中度富营养状态.丹金溧漕河、通济河与薛埠河等河流是长荡湖流域河湖水系的主要污染物输送通道,丹金溧漕河干流输送氮、磷年通量最大,约为通济河和薛埠河年通量总和的10~12倍.长荡湖流域河流氮、磷污染同时受到农业面源污染物流失与城镇污水排放的影响.土地利用方式转变和大气沉降是导致长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染加剧的重要驱动因素.     

鼎湖山大气颗粒物中OC与EC的浓度特征及粒径分布

为了解华南背景区域鼎湖山站碳质气溶胶的浓度水平与来源,采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪测定了鼎湖山站大气颗粒物分级样品中的有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)浓度水平,并分析了碳质组分的浓度特征和粒径分布.结果表明,在PM_(1.1)、 PM_(2.1)和PM_(9.0)中,鼎湖山OC的平均质量浓度分别为(5.6±2.0)、(7.3±2.4)和(12.8±4.0)μg·m~(-3), EC的平均质量浓度分别为(2.3±1.4)、(2.7±1.6)和(3.4±1.7)μg·m~(-3). PM_(1.1)和PM_(2.1)中OC分别占PM_(9.0)中OC的43.8%和57.0%, EC占67.6%和79.4%. OC和EC主要富集在细粒子中. PM_(1.1)和PM_(2.1)中OC和EC在秋季最高,OC在冬季最低,EC在夏季最低. PM_(9.0)中OC夏季最高.鼎湖山中碳质气溶胶以OC2、 EC1、 OC3和OC4为主,夏季OC3EC1,生物排放源增强,冬季EC1质量浓度最高,局地的机动车排放源更强.OC和EC在4个季节都呈现双峰型分布,细粒径段峰值位于0.43～0.65μm,粗粒径段峰值出现在3.3～5.8μm. PM_(1.1)和PM_(2.1)中OC以一次排放为主,二次有机碳(SOC)在春季最高[(3.0±1.4)μg·m~(-3)],冬季最低[(1.3±1.4)μg·m~(-3)],春季二次转化更强.鼎湖山大气细粒径段OC主要来自燃煤和机动车排放,粗粒径段主要来自生物源排放,EC主要受到燃煤、机动车排放和扬尘的影响.     

基于因子分析的嫩江重要省界缓冲区水质评价研究

嫩江流域省界缓冲区水质监测与评价,是针对2010年和2015年引起嫩江省界缓冲区水环境质量主要污染物的变化分析,判断主要超标指标为有机生化指标。为进一步明确嫩江缓冲区水质影响关键因子,采用因子分析评价嫩江重要省界缓冲区水质状况。依据因子的荷载矩阵,2010年和2015年的主导因子均累计解释了原始向量80%以上的信息,反映了这两年水环境和污染因子之间的关系。嫩江流域省界缓冲区流域水质状况分析,为今后对嫩江流域水功能区目标管理提供理论支持。     

基于OMI数据的河南省近十年大气对流层NO2垂直柱浓度时空变化分析研究

文章利用OMI卫星全球对流层NO2垂直柱浓度Level3级产品数据,研究分析了河南省2006年-2015年大气对流层NO2垂直柱浓度时空变化规律.结果表明:河南省近10年大气对流层平均NO2柱浓度为15.38×1015 molec/cm2,远高于全国平均水平,但自2014年起出现了大幅回落;NO2柱浓度月均值具有对称性和周期性,最高值和最低值一般分别出现在1月和7月;NO2柱浓度的季节均值特征明显,具体表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;河南省NO2柱浓度空间分布不均衡,自西南部至东北部逐渐增加,其中东北部为NO2浓度高值集中地区.     

我国技术变迁对环境影响的计量分析

为了促进技术变迁因素在我国环境保护中发挥更大的作用，需要分析其以往对环境的影响，为我国的技术政策提供支持。使用动态基期，用统计方法定量计算了 1994~2004年各年度技术变迁因素对我国主要空气和水污染物排放量的影响。按是否以削减污染为直接目标，可将技术变迁分为2类：(1)生产工艺的变化。这种技术变化不以污染削减为直接目标，但会影响到生产投入物的数量和种类、生产过程中污染物的产生量并因此影响到最终的污染强度和排放量。(2)污染削减技术的变化。这种技术变化以污染削减为直接目标。利用环境统计年鉴中的污染削减量数据将技术效应分解为2部分：源自污染削减技术和源自生产工艺，发现从总体上看技术变迁降低了所有污染物的排放量，其中污染削减技术对所有污染排放量的下降都起了积极作用，但伴随较大的年度变化。生产工艺变化对不同污染物的影响方向不同。可见中国目前的污染削减主要依靠“末端”污染削减技术，“过程控制型”生产工艺没有充分发挥应有作用，也反映出目前技术变迁尚未向“环境友好型”演进。因此，要促使我国技术变迁向“环境友好型”演进，特别需要促进清洁生产技术的开发和推广,在生产过程中减少污染物的产生.     

基于3S技术的矿产资源开发景观格局动态变化研究——以木里县梭罗沟金矿改扩建工程为例

本文在阐述3S技术特点的基础上,以四川省木里县梭罗沟金矿改扩建工程所在地的梭罗沟和如米沟为研究区,介绍了3S技术在景观格局信息提取的技术要求、数据收集和工作流程,并对研究区景观格局的提取结果进行了动态变化预测与分析。实例研究证明,3S技术是景观生态学研究的重要技术工具,应用3S技术开展矿产资源开发景观格局动态评价,可以准确、快速地提取景观格局的主要特征指标,掌握景观格局现状、预测其动态变化特征、揭示其变化规律,满足区域景观格局研究的要求。本研究方法适用于生态类建设项目或区域开发规划的景观格局中短期动态预测研究,不宜用于景观格局长期的动态预测。     

Determination of hypoxia and dietary copper mediated sub-lethal toxicity in carp, Cyprinus carpio, at different levels of biological organisation

Hypoxic events frequently occur in the aquatic environment in association with micro pollutants, including heavy metals. Only a few studies are however available on the uptake and biological responses of heavy metals under hypoxic conditions. To elucidate the phenomenon, mirror carp Cyprinus carpio L. (16.13-16.22 g) were exposed chronically to dietary copper (Cu; 250 and 500 mg kg dry wt.⁻¹) for 30 d under normoxic (8.25 mg O₂ L⁻¹) and hypoxic (∼3 mg O₂ L⁻¹) conditions and adopting an integrated approach, sub-lethal biomarker responses were determined at different levels of biological organisation. Level of oxidative DNA damage (as determined by modified Comet assay) showed strong significant difference following exposure to dietary Cu level under normoxic (1.6-fold) as well as under hypoxic condition at both Cu levels (2.1 and 2.5-folds respectively). Significant difference was also observed for haematological parameters (i.e. increased red and white blood cells, haematocrit value and haemoglobin concentration). Quantitative histology revealed alterations in tissues (i.e. liver and gills) for hypoxic and all dietary Cu treatment groups under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions suggesting a compensatory response to these organs (p < 0.05). The order of Cu accumulation in tissues (as determined by ICP-OES) was liver > intestine > kidney > gill. Interestingly, SGR under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions reduced with elevating Cu levels (p = 0.019). Overall, the results provide evidence for enhanced toxicological responses in fish following exposure to Cu either alone or in combination with hypoxic condition and lends support to the evolving viewpoint that many water quality guidelines should be revisited in terms of new ecotoxicological criteria.     

Lysosomal enlargement and lysosomal membrane destabilisation in mussel digestive cells measured by an integrative index

Lysosomal responses (enlargement and membrane destabilisation) in mussel digestive cells are well-known environmental stress biomarkers in pollution effects monitoring in marine ecosystems. Presently, in laboratory and field studies, both responses were measured separately (in terms of lysosomal volume density - Vv - and labilisation period -LP) and combined (lysosomal response index - LRI) in order to contribute to their understanding and to develop an index useful for decisions makers. LRI integrates Vv and LP, which are not necessarily dependent lysosomal responses. It is unbiased and more sensitive than Vv and LP alone and diminishes background due to confounding factors. LRI provides a simple numerical index (consensus reference = 0; critical threshold = 1) directly related to the pollution impact degree. Moreover, LRI can be represented in a way that allows the interpretation of lysosomal responses, which is useful for environmental scientists.     

Fuelwood assessment at micro-watershed level in Northeast Himalaya:a case study in Manipur,India

Fuelwood is one of the major sources of energy in the domestic sector across the rural areas,especially in the developing regions across the world.The Northeastern Himalayan state of Manipur is dominated by the tribal population that largely depends on fuelwood from the nearby forest area.The entire dependence on forests for energy resources is affecting the sustainability of the forest ecosystem in the region,thus indicating the livelihood conditions.Since land-use land-cover change is the key driver to the change in resource availability of a region,the present study has tried to analyze the landcover changes over a period 28 years.The second major component affecting resource availability is the increasing population pressure that leads to changes in the land dynamics,which directly affect the resource production.Based on the existing consumption pattern,the total consumption of fuelwood in the watershed ranges fiom a minimum of 289.992 tons/year to a maximum of 3545.719 tons/year with an average of 1561.956 tons/year in the year 2009 and simulated fuelwood consumption for the year 2021 is around 1469.260 tons/year.Nine different probable scenarios of resource are proposed to calculate the stress value that can be used by the policy-makers and planners for suitable policy implementation at the micro level with a complex social system.